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  An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element. Atoms combine to form molecules, which then interact to form solids, gases, or liquids. For example, water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms that have combined to form water molecules. Many biological processes are devoted to breaking down molecules into their component atoms so they can be reassembled into a more useful molecule. Atomic Particles Atoms consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are called electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged). Atoms have different properties based on the arrangement and number of their basic particles. The hydrogen atom (H) contains only one proton, one electron, and no neutrons. This can be determined using the atomic number and the mass number of the element

  Surface Area Surface area refers to the area of the exposed surface of the three dimensional solid. There are two types of surface area (i) Lateral surface area  (ii) Total surface area In general, lateral surface area does not include the base of the shape.  Total surface area is the area of the entire object. Lateral surface area (lateral also means side), does not include the area of the top and bottom. Volume The volume of any solid refers to the three dimensional space it occupies, often quantified numerically.One dimensional figures, namely lines and two dimensional shapes, namely squares area assigned zero volume in the  three dimensional space. Formulas Cube : A cube is a right rectangular prism with square upper and lower bases and a square vertical faces. Cuboid : A  cuboid  is a three-dimensional shape with a length, width, and a height. The  cuboid  shape has six sides called faces Cone : A cone is a solid with circular base curved by a curved surface to a single vertex .

  Area of a Triangle from Sides You can calculate the area of a triangle if you know the lengths of all three sides, using a formula that has been known for nearly 2000 years. It is called "Heron's Formula" after Hero of Alexandria (see below)   Just use this two step process: Step 1:  Calculate  "s"  (half of the triangles perimeter): s =  a+b+c 2 Step 2:  Then calculate the  Area : Example: What is the area of a triangle where every side is 5 long? Step 1: s =  5+5+5 2  = 7.5 Step 2: A = √(7.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5) = √(117.1875) =  10.825... Try it yourself: Heron's Formula Find a Triangle's Area from its Sides Classic Heron's Formula: s = (a+b+c)/2 = 6 Area = √( s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) ) Area = 6 Variation with less rounding error: Sides in Descending Order: 5,4,3 Area = √((a+(b+c))(c-(a-b))(c+(a-b))(a+(b-c)))/4 Area = 6 a: 53.1301° b: 36.8699° c: 90° Area is 6.000000 © 2018 MathsIsFun.com v0.61   Hero of Alexandria The formula is credited to Hero (or Heron

  Maths   >   Coordinate Geometry   >   Coordinate Geometry Coordinate Geometry Do you remember what a plane is? A plane is any flat  surface  which can go on infinitely in both of the directions. Now, if there is a  point on a plane , you can easily locate that point with the help of coordinate geometry. Using the two numbers of the coordinate geometry, a location of any point on the plane can be found. Let us know more! A coordinate geometry is a branch of geometry where the position of the points on the plane is defined with the help of an ordered pair of numbers also known as  coordinates . What are Coordinates? Now, to help you understand the coordinates, take a look at the figure below. Now, consider the grid on the right. The columns of the grid are labeled as A, B, C, D, E, F, etc. On the other hand, the rows are numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on. You can see that the letter X is located in the box D3 i.e. column D and row 3.  Here, D and 3 are the coordinates of th

  In   biology , the nutrient cycle is a concept that describes how nutrients move from the physical environment into living organisms and subsequently are recycled back to the physical environment. This circular movement of nutrients is essential to any given ecosystem, and it must be balanced and stable for the system to be maintained. In many cases, human activities have had a major impact on these processes, resulting in adverse effects. There are many different nutrient cycles, each with its own particular pathways, but perhaps the most important are those involving the elements   carbon ,   oxygen , nitrogen, and phosphorus. The Carbon Cycle This nutrient cycle begins with photosynthesis, the process by which plants,  algae , and some bacteria use energy from sunlight to combine carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere and water to form sugars, starch, fats, proteins, and other compounds that they use to build cells or store as food. In this way, plants remove carbon from the a